The paper refers the outcomes of international research in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). It is necessary to emphasize the pathophysiological mechanisms of PASC in PCR-negative patients recovered from COVID-19: long-persistent hyperactivated congenital immunity, hyper-inflammation, hyper-coagulation, hypo-fibrinolysis, micro-thrombosis, antibodies formation, and multiplе human organ dysfunction. The challenges as well as possibilities in laboratory diagnostics of PASC complication have been noted.
Larisa V. Mukhomorova – senior medical advisor, DIAKON JSC, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Vasily V. Velkov – PhD, chief scientific officer, DIAKON JSC, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
1. Munblit D, Nicholson TR, Needham DM, et al. Studying the post-COVID-19 condition: research challeng-es, strategies, and importance of Core Outcome Set devel-opment. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):50. Published 2022 Feb 4. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02222-y
2. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); December 18, 2020.
3. MKB-10 [Internet]. Available at: https://mkb-10.com/index.php?pid=23014. Accessed: 04 Aug 2022.
4. Mahase E. Long covid could be four different syndromes, review suggests. BMJ. 2020;371:m3981. Pub-lished 2020 Oct 14. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3981
5. Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young M, Edison P. Long covid-mechanisms, risk factors, and management. BMJ. 2021 Aug 3;374:n1944]. BMJ. 2021;374:n1648. Published 2021 Jul 26. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1648
6. Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, et al. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):16144. Published 2021 Aug 9. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95565-8
7. Stefanou MI, Palaiodimou L, Bakola E, et al. Neurological manifestations of long-COVID syndrome: a narrative review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2022;13: 20406223221076890. Published 2022 Feb 17. DOI: 10.1177/20406223221076890
8. Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;38:101019. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019
9. Nasserie T, Hittle M, Goodman SN. Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms Among Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(5):e2111417. Published 2021 May 3. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417
10. Subramanian A, Nirantharakumar K, Hughes S, et al. Assessment of 115 symptoms for Long COVID (post-COVID-19 condition) and their risk factors in non-hospitalised individuals: a retrospective matched cohort study in UK primary care. Research Square. [Preprint]. 2022. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1343889/v1
11. Fajnzylber J, Regan J, Coxen K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5493. Published 2020 Oct 30. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19057-5
12. Dadras O, Afsahi AM, Pashaei Z, et al. The relationship between COVID-19 viral load and disease severity: A systematic review. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2022;10(3):e580. DOI: 10.1002/iid3.580
13. Dennis A, Wamil M, Alberts J, et al. Multiorgan impairment in low-risk individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective, community-based study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(3):e048391. Published 2021 Mar 30. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048391
14. Taquet M, Dercon Q, Luciano S, Geddes JR, et al. Incidence, co-occurrence, and evolution of long-COVID features: A 6-month retrospective cohort study of 273,618 survivors of COVID-19. PLoS Med. 2021;18(9):e1003773. Published 2021 Sep 28. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003773
15. Behnood SA, Shafran R, Bennett SD, et al. Per-sistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst children and young people: A meta-analysis of controlled and uncontrolled studies. J Infect. 2022;84(2):158-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.11.011
16. Munblit D, Bobkova P, Spiridonova E, et al. Inci-dence and risk factors for persistent symptoms in adults previously hospitalized for COVID-19. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51(9):1107-20. DOI: 10.1111/cea.13997
17. Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, et al. Global Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review [published online ahead of print, 2022 Apr 16]. J Infect Dis. 2022;jiac136. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac136
18. Coronavirus (COVID-19) latest insights: Infections [Internet]. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/articles/coronaviruscovid19latestinsights/infections#:~:text=Self-reported%20long%20COVID%20was,another%20health%20condition%20or%20disability. Accessed: 04 Aug 2022.
19. Huang L, Li X, Gu X, et al. Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study [published online ahead of print, 2022 May 11]. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;S2213-2600(22)00126-6. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00126-6
20. Cervia C, Zurbuchen Y, Taeschler P, et al. Immu-noglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):446. Published 2022 Jan 25. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27797-1
21. Phetsouphanh C, Darley D.R, Wilson D.B. et al. Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 23, 210-6 (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01113-x
22. Dennis A, Wamil M, Alberts J, et al. Multiorgan impairment in low-risk individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective, community-based study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(3):e048391. Published 2021 Mar 30. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048391
23. Fogarty H, Townsend L, Morrin H, et al. Persis-tent endotheliopathy in the pathogenesis of long COVID syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2021;19(10):2546-53. DOI: 10.1111/jth.15490
24. Pretorius E, Vlok M, Venter C, et al. Persistent clotting protein pathology in Long COVID/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):172. Published 2021 Aug 23. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01359-7
25. Liu Q, Mak JWY, Su Q, et al. Gut microbiota dynamics in a prospective cohort of patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Gut. 2022;71(3):544-52. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325989
26. Stefanou MI, Palaiodimou L, Bakola E, et al. Neurological manifestations of long-COVID syndrome: a narrative review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2022;13: 20406223221076890. Published 2022 Feb 17. DOI: 10.1177/20406223221076890
27. Badenoch JB, Rengasamy ER, Watson C, et al. Persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Commun. 2021;4(1):fcab297. Published 2021 Dec 17. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab297
28. Yaghi S, Ishida K, Torres J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and Stroke in a New York Healthcare System [published correction appears in Stroke. 2020 Aug;51(8):e179]. Stroke. 2020;51(7):2002-11. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030335
29. Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):583-90. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01689-3
30. Lorkiewicz P, Waszkiewicz N. Biomarkers of Post-COVID Depression. J Clin Med. 2021;10(18):4142. Published 2021 Sep 14. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184142
31. Copur S, Berkkan M, Basile C, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and kidney diseases: what do we know?. J Nephrol. 2022;35(3):795-805. DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01296-y
32. Davies AD, Asenius F, Alrubai Ly. The long-term follow-up of COVID-19 related liver injury. Gut. 2021;70(4):A1-A220. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-BSG.227
33. Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(5):311-21. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00044-4
34. Montefusco L, Ben Nasr M, D'Addio F, et al. Acute and long-term disruption of glycometabolic control after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Metab. 2021;3(6):774-85. DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00407-6
The article can be purchased
electronic!
PDF format
Free
DOI: 10.14489/lcmp.2022.03.pp.057-064
Article type:
Review
Make a request